Forged Grain Flow and Fatigue Life of High-Strength Alloy Steel Bolts
Executive Summary High-strength alloy steel bolts (ISO 898-1 classes 10.9 and 12.9, SAE J429 Grade 8, and aerospace-grade quenched-and-tempered fasteners) are routinely loaded in service to cyclic stresses where fatigue, not static strength, governs failure. This report examines how the integrity of forged grain flow, meaning the continuous, contour-following alignment of the steel’s internal fiber structure, affects high-cycle fatigue (HCF) life. Key findings: Fatigue cracks in bolts overwhelmingly start at three locations: the first engaged thread, the thread runout, and the head-to-shank fillet. The forming route determines how grain flow [...]